Unique History of Nepal in the world

                          History of Nepal 

Nepal is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is predominantly arranged in the Himalayas, yet in addition incorporates portions of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, lining Tibet of China toward the north, and India in the south, east, and west, while it is barely isolated from Bangladesh by the Siliguri Corridor, and from Bhutan by the Indian province of Sikkim. Nepal has different topography, including rich fields, subalpine forested slopes, and eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the most elevated point on Earth. Nepal is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-strict, and multi-social state, with Nepali as the authority language. Kathmandu is the country's capital and the biggest city. 

Flag of Nepal 

The name "Nepal" is first recorded in quite a while from the Vedic time of the Indian subcontinent, the time in antiquated Nepal when Hinduism was established, the dominating religion of the country. In the main thousand years BC, Gautama Buddha, the author of Buddhism, was brought into the world in Lumbini in southern Nepal. Portions of northern Nepal were entwined with the way of life of Tibet. The halfway found Kathmandu Valley is interlaced with the way of life of Indo-Aryans and was the seat of the prosperous Newar alliance known as Nepal Mandala. The Himalayan part of the old Silk Road was overwhelmed by the valley's dealers. The cosmopolitan locale created unmistakable customary workmanship and engineering. By the eighteenth century, the Gorkha Kingdom accomplished the unification of Nepal. The Shah tradition set up the Kingdom of Nepal and later shaped a partnership with the British Empire, under its Rana line of premiers. The nation was never colonized however filled in as a support state between Imperial China and British India. Parliamentary popular government was presented in 1951 however was twice suspended by Nepalese rulers, in 1960 and 2005. The Nepalese Civil War during the 1990s and mid-2000s brought about the foundation of a mainstream republic in 2008, finishing the world's last Hindu government.

 

The Constitution of Nepal, received in 2015, confirms Nepal as a mainstream government parliamentary republic separated into seven regions. It stays the just multi-party, completely fair country on the planet at present managed by a socialist coalition. Nepal was conceded to the United Nations in 1955, and companionship arrangements were endorsed with India in 1950 and China in 1960. Nepal has the lasting secretariat of the SAARC, of which it is an establishing part. Nepal is additionally an individual from the Non-Aligned Movement and the Bay of Bengal Initiative. The Nepalese Armed Forces are the fifth-biggest in South Asia; and are prominent for their Gurkha history, especially during the universal conflicts, and have been a huge supporter of United Nations peacekeeping activities.

By 55,000 years ago, the first modern humans had arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa, where they had earlier evolved. The earliest known modern human remains in South Asia date to about 30,000 years ago. The oldest discovered archaeological evidence of human settlements in Nepal dates to around the same time.

After 6500 BC, proof for the training of food yields and creatures, development of perpetual designs, and capacity of horticultural excess showed up in Mehrgarh and different destinations in what is presently Balochistan. These step by step formed into the Indus Valley Civilization, the principal metropolitan culture in South Asia. Ancient locales of paleolithic, mesolithic, and neolithic starting points have been found in the Siwalik slopes of the Dang area. The most punctual occupants of present-day Nepal and abutting regions are accepted to be individuals from the Indus Valley Civilization. It is conceivable that the Dravidian individuals whose set of experiences originates before the beginning of the Bronze Age in the Indian subcontinent (around 6300 BC) occupied the region before the appearance of other ethnic gatherings like the Tibeto-Burmans and Indo-Aryans from across the boundary. By 4000 BC, the Tibeto-Burmese individuals had arrived at Nepal either straightforwardly across the Himalayas from Tibet or through Myanmar and north-east India or both. Another opportunity for the main individuals to have possessed Nepal is the Kusunda public. As indicated by Hogdson (1847), the soonest occupants of Nepal were maybe the Kusunda public, likely of proto-Australoid beginning. Stella Kramrisch (1964) specifies a foundation of a race of pre-Dravidians and Dravidians, who were in Nepal even before the Newars, who shaped most of the antiquated occupants of the valley of Kathmandu. 

By the late Vedic period, Nepal was being referenced in different Hindu writings, for example, the late Vedic Atharvaveda Pariśiṣṭa and in the post-Vedic Atharvashirsha Upanishad. The Gopal Bansa was the most established tradition to be referenced in different writings as the soonest leaders of the focal Himalayan realm known by the name 'Nepal'. The Gopalas were trailed by Kiratas who administered for more than 16 centuries by some accounts. According to the Mahabharata, the then Kirata ruler went to participate in the Battle of Kurukshetra. In the south-eastern district, Janakpurdham was the capital of the prosperous realm of Videha or Mithila, that reached out down to the Ganges, and home to King Janaka and his little girl, Sita. 

Around 600 BC, little realms and confederations of groups emerged in the southern districts of Nepal. From one of these, the Shakya country, emerged a ruler who later disavowed his status to have a parsimonious existence, established Buddhism and came to be known as Gautama Buddha (generally dated 563–483 BC). Nepal came to be set up as a place where there is otherworldliness and shelter in the mediating hundreds of years, assumed a significant part in communicating Buddhism to East Asia through Tibet, and aided save Hindu and Buddhist compositions. 

By 250 BC, the southern locales had gone under the impact of the Maurya Empire. Head Ashoka made a journey to Lumbini and raised a column at Buddha's origin, the engravings on which mark the beginning stage for the appropriately written history of Nepal. Ashoka likewise visited the Kathmandu valley and fabricated landmarks honoring Gautam Buddha's visit there. By the fourth century AD, quite a bit of Nepal was affected by the Gupta Empire. 

Kathmandu Valley

In the Kathmandu valley, the Kiratas were moved toward the east by the Lichchhavis, and the Lichchhavi line came into power in 400 AD. The Lichchhavis constructed landmarks and left a progression of engravings; Nepal's set of experiences of the period is sorted out predominantly from them. 

In 641, Songtsen Gampo of the Tibetan Empire sends Narendradeva back to Licchavi with the military and enslaves Nepal. Portions of Nepal and Licchavi were later under the immediate impacts of the Tibetan domain. 

The Licchavi administration went into the decrease in the late eighth century and was trailed by a Thakuri rule. Thakuri rulers governed over the nation up to the center of the eleventh century AD; very little is known about this period that is regularly called the dim period.

Unification, expansion, and consolidation(1768-1951)

Clockwise from upper left: (a) Prithvi Narayan Shah (b) An 1814 map of the Indian subcontinent showing Nepal at its zenith (c) Balbhadra Kunwar, who, at age 25, commanded the defense of Nalapani fort against a superior British force, and after the enemy cut off the water supply, charged out with 70 men (d) Jung Bahadur Rana, who established the autocratic Rana regime in 1846 and instituted a pro-British foreign policy

During the eighteenth century, Prithvi Narayan Shah, a Gorkha lord, set off to assemble what might become present-day Nepal. He set out on his main goal by getting the nonpartisanship of the lining mountain realms. After a few ridiculous fights and attacks, prominently the Battle of Kirtipur, he figured out how to vanquish the Kathmandu Valley in 1769. 

The Gorkha control arrived at its stature when the North Indian domains of the Kumaon and Garhwal Kingdoms in the west to Sikkim in the east went under Nepalese control. A debate with Tibet over the control of mountain passes and inward Tingri valleys of Tibet constrained the Qing Emperor of China to begin the Sino-Nepali War convincing the Nepali to withdraw to their own lines in the north. The contention between the Kingdom of Nepal and the East India Company over the control of states lining Nepal ultimately prompted the Anglo-Nepali War (1815–16). From the start, the British thought little of the Nepali and were sufficiently crushed until submitting more military assets than they had expected requiring. Consequently started the standing of Gurkhas as furious and merciless warriors. The conflict finished in the Sugauli Treaty, under which Nepal surrendered as of late caught lands. 

Factionalism inside the regal family prompted a time of insecurity. In 1846, a plot was found uncovering that the prevailing sovereign had wanted to topple Jung Bahadur Kunwar, a quick-rising military pioneer. This prompted the Kot slaughter; outfitted conflicts between military faculty and executives faithful to the sovereign prompted the execution of a few hundred rulers and clan leaders around the country. Bir Narsingh Kunwar arose successfully and established the Rana administration, and came to be known as Jung Bahadur Rana. The lord was made a nominal figure, and the post of Prime Minister was made incredible and genetic. The Ranas were steadfastly favorable to the British and helped them during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (and later in both World Wars). In 1860 a few pieces of the western Terai district were skilled to Nepal by the British as a well-disposed signal in light of her tactical assistance to support British control in India during the defiance (known as Naya Muluk, new country). In 1923, the United Kingdom and Nepal officially consented to an arrangement of fellowship that supplanted the Sugauli Treaty of 1816. 

The Hindu act of Sati, in which a widow forfeited herself in the memorial service fire of her significant other, was restricted in 1919, and subjugation was formally canceled in 1924. Rana's standard was set apart by oppression, lewdness, financial abuse, and strict mistreatment.